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Participle clauses make writing more concise by replacing a full clause. A present participle (-ing) clause shows an action happening at the same time as the main verb: 'Walking home, I saw an old friend' (= While I was walking home...).
The subject of both parts must be the same. It's a more elegant, literary alternative to two separate sentences.
Приклади
Walking home, I saw an old friend.
= While I was walking home, I saw...
Feeling tired, she went to bed early.
= Because she felt tired...
Smiling at her, he opened the door.
Two simultaneous actions, one subject.
Walking home
/ˈwɔːkɪŋ hoʊm/
Walking home, I saw an old friend.
Feeling tired
/ˈfiːlɪŋ ˈtaɪərd/
Feeling tired, she went to bed early.
Smiling at her
/ˈsmaɪlɪŋ ət hɜːr/
Smiling at her, he opened the door.
Reduce 'While I was walking home, I saw a friend':
Reduce 'Because she felt tired': ___ tired, she went to bed early. (-ing of 'feel')
A past participle clause has a passive meaning — something is done to the subject: 'Built in 1900, the house has period charm' (= The house, which was built in 1900...).
Use it where a passive relative clause would otherwise appear. It's compact and common in descriptive writing.
Приклади
Built in 1900, the house has period charm.
= which was built in 1900.
Surrounded by friends, she felt at home.
Passive: she was surrounded.
Written by a Nobel laureate, the book is a masterpiece.
= which was written by...
Built in 1900
/bɪlt ɪn ˌnaɪnˈtiːn ˈhʌndrəd/
Built in 1900, the house has period charm.
Surrounded by
/səˈraʊndɪd baɪ/
Surrounded by friends, she felt at home.
Written by
/ˈrɪtən baɪ/
Written by a Nobel laureate, the book is a masterpiece.
Reduce 'The house, which was built in 1900, has charm':
Passive participle of 'surround': ___ by friends, she felt at home.
A perfect participle clause (having + past participle) shows that one action was completed before the next: 'Having finished dinner, we went for a walk' (first we finished, then we walked).
It makes the sequence of events clear and is more formal than just using 'and then'.
Приклади
Having finished dinner, we went for a walk.
Finishing happened first, then walking.
Having arrived early, I had time to prepare.
= Because I had arrived early...
Having lost the keys, he had to break the window.
Completed action before the result.
Having finished
/ˈhævɪŋ ˈfɪnɪʃt/
Having finished dinner, we went for a walk.
Having arrived
/ˈhævɪŋ əˈraɪvd/
Having arrived early, I had time to prepare.
Having lost
/ˈhævɪŋ lɒst/
Having lost the keys, he had to break the window.
Show a completed first action: ___ dinner, we went for a walk.
Perfect participle of 'arrive': ___ arrived early, I had time to prepare. (Having)
Participle clauses often express reason — answering 'why?': 'Knowing the answer, he raised his hand' (= Because he knew the answer...).
This is a sophisticated way to link cause and effect without using 'because', common in formal and literary styles.
Приклади
Knowing the answer, he raised his hand.
= Because he knew the answer.
Being a doctor, she stopped to help.
= As she was a doctor.
Realising the danger, they ran for shelter.
Reason expressed by an -ing clause.
Knowing the answer
/ˈnoʊɪŋ ði ˈɑːnsər/
Knowing the answer, he raised his hand.
Being a doctor
/ˈbiːɪŋ ə ˈdɒktər/
Being a doctor, she stopped to help.
Realising the danger
/ˈriːəlaɪzɪŋ ðə ˈdeɪndʒər/
Realising the danger, they ran for shelter.
Reduce 'Because she was a doctor, she stopped to help':
Reduce 'Because he knew the answer': ___ the answer, he raised his hand. (-ing of 'know')
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