助動詞: can / must / should
実用的な例で語彙を増やそう
'Can' expresses ability or possibility. It is always followed by the base verb with no 'to': 'I can swim' (not 'can to swim').
'Can' never adds -s for he/she/it: 'She can speak' (not 'cans'). The negative is can't (cannot).
例文
I can swim very well.
can + base verb, no 'to'.
She can speak three languages.
No -s: 'can speak', not 'cans'.
He can't drive a car yet.
Negative: can't = cannot.
can swim
/kæn swɪm/
I can swim very well.
can speak
/kæn spiːk/
She can speak three languages.
can't drive
/kɑːnt draɪv/
He can't drive a car yet.
Can you
/kæn juː/
Can you help me with this?
Choose the correct form: She ___ three languages.
Negative of can: He ___ drive a car yet. (cannot, short form)
'Must' expresses strong obligation or a rule: 'You must wear a seatbelt.' Like all modals, it's followed by the base verb.
Be careful: 'mustn't' means it's forbidden (don't do it), which is different from 'don't have to' (it's not necessary).
例文
You must wear a seatbelt.
Strong obligation / rule.
You mustn't smoke in here.
mustn't = it's forbidden.
I must finish this report today.
A strong personal necessity.
must wear
/mʌst weər/
You must wear a seatbelt.
must stop
/mʌst stɒp/
Cars must stop at red lights.
mustn't smoke
/ˈmʌsənt smoʊk/
You mustn't smoke in here.
must finish
/mʌst ˈfɪnɪʃ/
I must finish this report today.
Which means 'it is forbidden'? You ___ smoke in here.
Strong obligation: You ___ wear a seatbelt. (must)
'Should' gives advice or a recommendation — softer than 'must': 'You should sleep more.' It's followed by the base verb.
The negative 'shouldn't' advises against something. For questions, put 'should' first: 'Should I bring anything?'
例文
You should see a doctor.
Advice, not an order.
You shouldn't worry about it.
shouldn't = advice against.
Should I bring something to drink?
Question: should + subject + base verb.
should sleep
/ʃʊd sliːp/
You should sleep more.
should see
/ʃʊd siː/
You should see a doctor.
shouldn't worry
/ˈʃʊdənt ˈwʌri/
You shouldn't worry about it.
Should I
/ʃʊd aɪ/
Should I bring something to drink?
Choose the best advice: You look ill. You ___ see a doctor.
Ask for advice: ___ I bring something to drink?
To ask politely, use Could you, Can I or Would you: 'Could you pass the salt?', 'Can I borrow your pen?'
'Could' and 'would' sound more polite and formal than 'can'. 'Would you mind...' is followed by an -ing form: 'Would you mind closing the window?'
例文
Could you pass the salt, please?
'Could you' — polite request.
Can I borrow your pen?
'Can I' — asking permission.
Would you mind closing the window?
'Would you mind' + -ing form.
Could you
/kʊd juː/
Could you pass the salt, please?
Can I
/kæn aɪ/
Can I borrow your pen?
Would you
/wʊd juː/
Would you mind closing the window?
Choose the most polite request: ___ pass the salt, please?
Ask permission to borrow a pen: ___ I borrow your pen?
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