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Perfect tenses also have passive forms. Present perfect passive: has/have been + past participle ('The report has been finished'). Past perfect passive: had been + past participle ('The painting had been stolen').
The pattern is always 'been' + past participle; only the auxiliary (has/have/had) changes with the tense.
예문
The report has been finished.
Present perfect passive: has been + participle.
A new bridge has been built downtown.
has been + built.
By morning, the painting had been stolen.
Past perfect passive: had been + participle.
has been finished
/həz bɪn ˈfɪnɪʃt/
The report has been finished.
has been built
/həz bɪn bɪlt/
A new bridge has been built downtown.
had been stolen
/hæd bɪn ˈstoʊlən/
By morning, the painting had been stolen.
had been arrested
/hæd bɪn əˈrestɪd/
The suspect had been arrested before noon.
Choose the present perfect passive: The report ___ finished.
Complete the perfect passive: By morning, the painting had ___ stolen. (been)
Continuous tenses form the passive with be + being + past participle. Present continuous passive: is/are being + participle ('A new school is being built'). Past continuous passive: was/were being + participle ('He was being interviewed').
The 'being' is the signal that the action is in progress.
예문
A new school is being built nearby.
Present continuous passive: is being + built.
The roads are being repaired this week.
are being + repaired.
He was being interviewed when I called.
Past continuous passive: was being + participle.
is being built
/ɪz ˈbiːɪŋ bɪlt/
A new school is being built nearby.
are being repaired
/ɑːr ˈbiːɪŋ rɪˈpeərd/
The roads are being repaired this week.
was being interviewed
/wəz ˈbiːɪŋ ˈɪntərvjuːd/
He was being interviewed when I called.
Choose the continuous passive: A new school ___ nearby.
Complete: The roads are ___ repaired this week. (being)
Modals form the passive with modal + be + past participle: 'This must be done', 'It can be solved', 'It should be reviewed'.
For the past, use modal + have been + participle: 'It could have been worse.' The modal never changes its form.
예문
This task must be done by Friday.
modal + be + past participle.
This problem can be solved easily.
can be + solved.
It could have been worse.
Past modal passive: could have been.
must be done
/mʌst biː dʌn/
This task must be done by Friday.
should be reviewed
/ʃʊd biː rɪˈvjuːd/
Every contract should be reviewed by a lawyer.
can be solved
/kæn biː sɒlvd/
This problem can be solved easily.
could have been
/kʊd həv bɪn/
It could have been worse.
Choose the modal passive: This task ___ by Friday.
Complete: This problem can ___ solved easily. (be)
To report beliefs or rumours impersonally, English uses passive reporting structures: 'It is said that...' or 'She is believed to...'.
These let you report what people generally think without naming a source — common in news and formal writing: 'He is thought to have left the country.'
예문
It is said that the building is haunted.
'It is said that' + clause.
She is believed to be the best in her field.
subject + is believed to + infinitive.
He is thought to have left the country.
'to have left' reports an earlier action.
It is said
/ɪt ɪz sed/
It is said that the building is haunted.
is believed to
/ɪz bɪˈliːvd tə/
She is believed to be the best in her field.
is thought to
/ɪz θɔːt tə/
He is thought to have left the country.
Choose the impersonal reporting form: ___ that the building is haunted.
Complete: She is believed ___ be the best in her field. (to)
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