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Natural speech is full of fillers — 'you know', 'I mean', 'well', 'sort of' — that give the speaker time to think and soften what they say.
They aren't errors; used in moderation they make you sound relaxed and native. Overused, they distract. The skill is recognising and deploying them naturally.
例文
It's, you know, complicated to explain.
'you know' buys thinking time.
Well, that's one way of looking at it.
'Well' softens and introduces a view.
I mean, it's not exactly what I expected.
'I mean' rephrases or clarifies.
you know
/juː noʊ/
It's, you know, complicated to explain.
I mean
/aɪ miːn/
I mean, it's not exactly what I expected.
well
/wel/
Well, that's one way of looking at it.
sort of
/sɔːrt əv/
It's sort of like a meeting, but more casual.
Which filler is used to clarify or rephrase what you just said?
Soften and introduce a view: ___, that's one way of looking at it.
In fast speech, common phrases reduce: going to → gonna, want to → wanna, got to → gotta, kind of → kinda. These reflect how the words actually sound when spoken quickly.
They're fine in casual speech and informal writing (texts, social media) but should be avoided in formal writing.
例文
I'm gonna grab a coffee — want one?
gonna = going to (casual speech).
Do you wanna come with us?
wanna = want to.
I gotta run — see you later!
gotta = (have) got to.
gonna
/ˈɡʌnə/
I'm gonna grab a coffee — want one?
wanna
/ˈwɒnə/
Do you wanna come with us?
gotta
/ˈɡɒtə/
I gotta run — see you later!
kinda
/ˈkaɪndə/
It's kinda chilly tonight.
What is 'gonna' a reduction of?
Reduce 'want to': Do you ___ come with us? (casual spelling)
Arrange the words to form a natural casual sentence.
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Speakers soften and round off ideas with phrases like 'if that makes sense', 'or whatever', 'or something'. These signal approximation and keep talk friendly and open.
'Or something' / 'or whatever' add a vague 'etc.' at the end, while 'if that makes sense' checks the listener is following.
例文
It's like a soft no, if that makes sense.
'if that makes sense' checks understanding.
Coffee, tea, or whatever you have.
'or whatever' = and similar options.
Maybe she's tired or something.
'or something' adds a vague 'etc.'
if that makes sense
/ɪf ðæt meɪks sens/
It's like a soft no, if that makes sense.
or whatever
/ɔːr wɒtˈevər/
Coffee, tea, or whatever you have.
or something
/ɔːr ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
Maybe she's tired or something.
Which phrase checks that your listener follows you?
Add a vague 'etc.': Maybe she's tired or ___.
Meaning often lives in intonation, not just words. Rising intonation turns a statement into a genuine question ('So you went to Paris?'); falling intonation makes it a confirmation ('So you went to Paris.').
Tags like 'right?' and 'yeah?' invite agreement or check shared understanding, keeping the conversation two-way.
例文
So you went to Paris? (rising)
Rising intonation = a real question.
So you went to Paris. (falling)
Falling intonation = confirming a fact.
We agreed on Tuesday, right?
'right?' checks shared understanding.
rising intonation
/ˈraɪzɪŋ ɪntəˈneɪʃən/
So you went to Paris? (genuine question)
falling intonation
/ˈfɔːlɪŋ ɪntəˈneɪʃən/
So you went to Paris. (statement / confirmation)
right?
/raɪt/
We agreed on Tuesday, right?
yeah?
/jæ/
You'll call me later, yeah?
Rising intonation on 'So you went to Paris?' signals:
Check shared understanding: We agreed on Tuesday, ___?
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