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C1~3 min read

Tỉnh lược & Thay thế

Mở rộng vốn từ với các ví dụ thực tế

Ellipsis means leaving out words that are understood from context, to avoid repetition. With verb phrase ellipsis, we keep the auxiliary or 'to' and drop the rest: 'I want to, but I can't (go).'

The listener fills in the missing verb. It sounds natural and concise: 'Has he finished? — He hasn't (finished) yet.'

Ví dụ

  • I want to, but I can't (go).

    'to' stands in for 'to go'.

  • Will she come? — She might (come).

    'might' replaces the whole verb phrase.

  • Has he finished? — He hasn't yet.

    'hasn't' covers 'hasn't finished'.

I want to

/aɪ wɒnt tə/

I want to, but I can't (go).

she might

/ʃiː maɪt/

Will she come? — She might (come).

we'd love to

/wiːd lʌv tə/

Are you coming? — We'd love to (come).

he hasn't

/hiː ˈhæzənt/

Has he finished? — He hasn't (finished) yet.

Complete naturally with ellipsis: Are you coming? — We'd love ___.

Avoid repeating 'finished': Has he finished? — He ___ yet. (hasn't)

After verbs like think, hope, expect, believe and 'be afraid', we use 'so' to replace a positive idea and 'not' for a negative one: 'Will it rain? — I think so / I hope not.'

This avoids repeating the whole clause: 'I think so' = 'I think it will rain.'

Ví dụ

  • Will it rain? — I think so.

    'so' = 'that it will rain'.

  • Did we miss the bus? — I hope not.

    'not' replaces a negative idea.

  • Is the shop open? — I'm afraid not.

    'I'm afraid not' = politely, no.

I think so

/aɪ θɪŋk soʊ/

Will it rain? — I think so.

I hope not

/aɪ hoʊp nɒt/

Did we miss the bus? — I hope not.

I expect so

/aɪ ɪkˈspekt soʊ/

Will they win? — I expect so.

I'm afraid not

/aɪm əˈfreɪd nɒt/

Is the shop open? — I'm afraid not.

Reply positively with substitution: Will it rain? — I think ___.

Reply negatively: Is the shop open? — I'm afraid ___.

We use forms of 'do' to stand in for a repeated verb ('She loves coffee. — I do too') and 'one/ones' to replace a repeated noun ('Which book? — The red one').

These keep replies short. With agreement, note the patterns 'I do too' and 'Neither do I'.

Ví dụ

  • She loves coffee. — I do too.

    'do' replaces 'love coffee'.

  • I don't smoke. — Neither do I.

    Negative agreement: Neither do I.

  • Which book? — The red one.

    'one' replaces the noun 'book'.

I do too

/aɪ duː tuː/

She loves coffee. — I do too.

neither do I

/ˈniːðər duː aɪ/

I don't smoke. — Neither do I.

the red one

/ðə red wʌn/

Which book? — The red one.

the blue ones

/ðə bluː wʌnz/

I prefer the blue ones.

Agree with a negative: I don't smoke. — ___ do I.

Replace the noun 'book': Which book? — The red ___.

In casual speech, emails and notes, we often drop the subject (and sometimes the auxiliary) at the start: 'Sounds good' (= That sounds good), 'Hope you're well' (= I hope you're well).

This is informal but extremely common in friendly writing and conversation.

Ví dụ

  • Sounds good. (= That sounds good.)

    Subject 'that' dropped.

  • Hope you're well. (= I hope you're well.)

    Subject 'I' dropped in friendly writing.

  • See you later. (= I'll see you later.)

    Subject + auxiliary dropped.

Sounds good

/saʊndz ɡʊd/

Sounds good. (= That sounds good.)

Hope you're well

/hoʊp jʊər wel/

Hope you're well. (= I hope you're well.)

See you later

/siː juː ˈleɪtər/

See you later. (= I'll see you later.)

What is the full form of 'Hope you're well'?

Full form of 'Sounds good': ___ sounds good. (dropped subject)

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